Generally speaking, measurements of position coordinates are performed in navigation - points on the trajectory and trajectory derivatives - the velocity veclor and the acceleration vector Because of the occurrence of systematic and random errors there is no complete agreement between results of measurements performed by means of vanous devices and navigational systems both in the mathematical model of the navigational process and in the particular measure-ment models The work presented undertakes to compare trajectories. speeds and accelerations determined by various measuring instruments (navigational appliances and systems) The results can be used in a reliability analysis of the measurements and the working of navigational appliances and systems Com-paring various Information sources makes it possible to detect and identify systematic errors, which can result in verifying the mathematical models of particular phenomena and processes.

In numerous theoretical considerations, as well as in navigational practical applications, there frequently occurs the necessity to evaluate the accuracy of linear objects on the basis of the accuracy of their particular points. A situation like that may occur, among other things, when the accuracy of the isobath, the quay edge or of the fairway are being evaluated. The directional error consti-tutes the proper measure for such evaluation. In the article presented formulae have been derived for the changę in decomposition parameters due to the rota-tion of coordinates as well as generał relationships of the directional error

The article presents passenger transborder shipping with partieular respect to the port of Świnoujście. The possibility of navigational average occurrence has been analysed for units handling transborder inshore traffic, passenger evacuation w hen the average occurs and actions to be undertaken in order to shorten evacuation time to a minimum and minimise consequences of the over-age

At the article is proposed new method of decision the problem of observa-tion freąuency at the foundation of criteria CPA and TCPA at using of satellite receiver system. Mathematical description and according tables gives possibil-ity f time optimisation for the purpose of ships position control The results are given for different speedfrom 10 to 30 knots

Bananas are cargo that reąuires a special treatment both during sea transport and in a port Properły applied technologies exert significant influence on their ąualiry features The purpose of this article is to describe modern cargo handling and stor-age technologies applied in the fruil discharging terminals The article presents these technologies on a basis of source data obtained during a stay at the Fruchtzentrum terminal at the port of Hamburg A comparison between modern and conuentional fruit-cargo handling technologies is presented here.

Based on data from the period 1961-1990 a freąuency profile was madę for the occurrence and directions of stormy winds on the Szczecin-Swinoujście fairway The analysis performed showed a differentiation of the wind frequency both along the fairway and over the year - their number in the cold half-year is almost twice as high as in the summer half-year. The directions are similar in various periods of the year.

Ocean route recommendations for some vessels of the Polish Steamship Company were prepared on the basis of digital hydrological and meteorological data and programs for determining time optimum routes. The isochrone method and the theory of graphs were used for route planning. As an example, a voyage of the m/v Pomorze Zachodnie is presented.

The article contains Information concerning types and kinds of audits of ąuality-ensuring systems according to ISO Norm series 9000 It describes the process of preparing. conducting and completing the internal audit with consid-eration of the kind of information obtained in the process of auditing It stresses the influence of verbal and non-verbal communication on the effectiveness of auditors' work.

The paper presents researches on application of DGPS system for hydrotechnical surveys on area of Kanał Piastowski.

With the development of sea navigation the sailors role and place has also changed. These changes has in a direct way had an influence on the necessity to bring specific abilities, which got safety to the sailors, the members of the crew, the passengers and the cargo. In the antiquity naviculari madę money not only on transporting goods, but also on renting out ships. So, quaIifications played for surę an important part. It was almost the same with the gubernator, which had the management of the sailors. The master navis was distinguished by knowledge and experience, his duties concemed the safety of the ship. crew, repair damages and administration. Only a pilot or sailor with experience held the function of speculator et ductor, sitting on the mast, he was giving hints about the course. Reading the Lists'/ we can establish how significant the sailors’ abilities were. They were travelling ffom the spring until the begining of the winter. The stars has madę night navigation much morę easy.