ISSN 1733-8670 (Printed)
ISSN 2392-0378 (Online)
DOI PREFIX 10.17402
The Scientific Journals (SJ) issued by the Maritime University of Szczecin (MUS) is a magazine which presents results of MUS research and educational activities. SJ has been published since 1973 but in 2004 it changed the ISSN from 0209-2069 to 1733-8670 as a result of MUS changing its name from Wyższa Szkoła Morska w Szczecinie to Akademia Morska w Szczecinie.
At the beginning there were several papers published in SJ and they were connected with maritime affairs. Doctoral and habilitation theses had also been published then. With time the SJ scope expanded to among others nautical issues, operation of the vessel, marine power plant operation. The magazine presented also symposium and conference proceedings.
Since 2008, the magazine has been published in A4 format with a new layout. Since 2010 the journal has been publishing the articles in English. By the end of 2014 a total of 112 Scientific Journals will have been published.
The SJ Scientific Board ensures high quality of published papers. All papers are reviewed confidentially and anonymously (double blind review) and are a subject of scientific edition.
The Scientific Journals printed version is primary.
Garczyńska, Ilona
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
The conducted review presents the possibility of using artificial neural networks in sectors related to environmental protection, agriculture, forestry, land uses, groundwater and bathymetric. Today there is a lot of research
in these areas with different research methodologies. The result is the improvement of decision-making processes, design, and prediction of certain events that, with appropriate intervention, can prevent severe consequences for society. The review shows the capabilities to optimize and automate the processes of modeling
urban and land dynamics. It examines the forecasts of assessment of the damage caused by natural phenomena.
Detection of environmental changes via the analysis of certain time intervals and classification of objects on
the basis of different images is presented. The practical aspects of this work include the ability to choose the
correct artificial neural network model depending on the complexity of the problem. This factor is a novel element since previously reviewed articles did not encounter a study of the correlation between the chosen model
or algorithm, depending on the use case or area of the problem. This article seeks to outline the reason for the
interest in artificial intelligence. Its purpose is to find answers to the following questions: How can artificial
neural networks be used for spatial analysis? What does the implementation of detailed algorithms depend on?
It is proved that an artificial intelligence approach can be an effective and powerful tool in various domains
where spatial aspects are important.
Gnaciński, Piotr; Muc, Adam; Pepliński, Marcin
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
The presented study examines the effect of voltage subharmonics, which relates to components of the frequency
less than the fundamental voltage harmonic, and the currents and vibration of the line start permanent magnet
synchronous motor. The obtained experimental results corresponded to a production motor with a rated power
of 3 kW and a rated speed of 1500 rpm. The main purpose of our study was to highlight that the subharmonic
value had a non-linear effect on the vibration level of the considered motor. It was found that for subharmonic values up to approx. 0.5% of the vibration level could be considered acceptable for long-term operation,
whereas vibration caused by voltage subharmonics of values greater than approx. 0.8% might promote machine
damage.
Dydkowski, Grzegorz; Urbanek, Anna
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of fare integration on the demand for public transport
and the role of IT technologies and cash-free payments in this process. The paper presents the results of a critical literature review of studies conducted in this area so far. This approach enables the integration of theoretical
and empirical findings, and perspectives of fragmented and interdisciplinary studies. Fare integration in cities
is one of the factors that increase the demand for urban public transport services. This results from an improved
image of public transport, easier promotion of services, more eligible passenger information, and easier use
of services due to the uniform regulations and fares. In addition, for travelers, fare integration means cheaper
services because they do not need to buy separate tickets corresponding to various organizers or carriers. The
implementation of solutions from the field of fare integration is also related to costs; one can primarily mention
the transaction costs and those related to the introduction of new solutions into the sales systems. The increase
in the demand for public transport services due to the implementation of fare integration, results in external
benefits that affect the sustainability of city transport systems and, thereby, justifies the funding of it by the
public sector, which is accountable for ensuring efficient public transport.
Bojanowska, Milena
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
Rapeseed by-products of seeds de-oiling, particularly expellers and post-extracted meal, are currently considered an important biomass that can be used as an alternative energy source, either in raw form or after
conversion to biochar. Rapeseed biomass represents a difficult-to-handle cargo, mainly due to its sensitivity
to mechanical, climatic, and biological impacts, as well as its dusty nature. This study aims to determine the
physical properties of rapeseed meals and their fractions. Morphological and chemical features of six particle
sets are investigated in order to explain the variation in their physical properties having importance in handling
and transportation processes. The true density of fractions increases when the particle size decreases due to the
diminishing quantitative share of seed coats. No correlation is observed between true and bulk densities, as the
particle shape, surface sculpture, and adhesion affect the mutual particle arrangements. Along with a decrease
in the particle size from 0.4 mm, a rapid decrease in the flowability is observed. The tendency of the finest dust
(d < 0.075 mm) to form agglomerated complexes causes its lower bulk density, higher porosity, and higher
angles of repose in comparison to coarse dust (0.075–0.4 mm). It is concluded that a relatively low tendency to
free flowing of natural RSM is mainly caused by its wide-ranging particle size distribution and their geometry
differentiation, which facilitate mutual particle interlockings. The known cases of blockages of silos, bins,
hoppers, and transfer chutes may be mainly caused by the powder fractions (< 0.2 mm), with a much lower
flowability than other particles.
Revenko, Vitaliy Yu.
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
The effects of precipitation of varying intensity on the operation of a ship’s radar are considered. It is shown
that during the propagation of the electromagnetic wave emitted by the antenna of a ship’s radar, its energy is
absorbed by precipitation. To determine the power loss of an electromagnetic wave due to its absorption by
particles of precipitation, the effective absorption area, specific absorption coefficient, and specific effective
total scattering area are used. The effective areas of absorption and total scattering depend on the shape of the
precipitation particles, their size, state of aggregation, and the length of the electromagnetic wave emitted by
the antenna of the ship’s radar. The dependence of the effective absorption area on the particle size of precipitation is obtained at two wavelengths of 3 cm and 10 cm, on which the ship’s radars operate. A decrease in the
tracking range of an object tracked by a ship’s radar in the case of rain falling is established compared with
the tracking range of an object in clear weather. It is shown that a decrease in the tracking range of an object
occurs only with moderate, strong, and very heavy rain. The attenuation of electromagnetic energy in rain with
an intensity of 12.5 mm/h at a wavelength of 3 cm is obtained by calculation, which amounted to 24 dB with
a length of the falling rain zone of 50 km, as well as with rain with an intensity of 100 mm/h with the same
length of the precipitation zone.
Mielniczuk, Sylwia
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
This paper proposes a modified artificial potential fields (APF) method for collision avoidance at sea. The
concept of artificial potentials used herein is derived from fields generated by electric charges. Attractive and
repulsive forces are determined, accounting for the positions of an own vessel and a target vessel. The own
vessel and its goal are considered as opposite charges. There is an attractive force between them, while the own
vessel and target vessels or obstacles are considered as charges with a repulsive force between them. The values
of these forces depend on the coefficients of attraction and repulsion. To solve a particular collision situation,
the modified method of artificial potential fields is used. Due to the specific nature of the vessels’ movement,
additional factors affecting the values of the attraction and repulsive forces are considered, as opposed to solutions used for robots. The main purpose of this article is to present the method for determining the coefficients
of the APF method. This method will be used to avoid collisions at sea. From an analysis of factors influencing
the execution of the vessel maneuver in a collision situation, a modified method for determining the attraction
and repulsion coefficients is proposed. A case study of collision avoidance in a vessel encounter situation is
also conducted.
Stopa, Michał
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
In recent years, a significant emphasis has been placed on the technological side of shipping. However, humans
remain the operator of the vessel and the ones to make the final decision. With the increasing problem of fatigue, a properly designed bridge might offer great support for navigators. This includes the implementation of
ergonomics in the workplace. This paper aims to better understand the needs of end-user operators and determine if there is still a need for improvement in bridge ergonomic design. To reach this goal, a custom-designed
questionnaire survey of 200 professional navigators is performed. The Kano model is used to analyze the
seamen’s wants and needs, but also expectations based on their satisfaction with proposed ergonomic solutions.
The research results suggest that there is still room for improvement in this area, which is not only a matter of
comfort or health but also safety.
Falkowski-Gilski, Przemysław; Uhl, Tadeus
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly limited user mobility, not least among students. Remote learning
had a particular impact on resource allocation in relation to using terrestrial cellular networks, especially 4G
systems in urban agglomerations. This paper presents the results of a quality evaluation of an outdoor environment, carried out between 2019 and 2021 on the campus of a technical university. Annual studies are conducted
using our own custom-built mobile application, installed on 50 mobile devices (i.e., smartphones) running
Android OS. This study aims to determine the impact of reduced user mobility on access parameters in mobile
networks, that is, both download and upload throughput as well as delay (ping), with a particular focus on
serving base transceiver stations (BTSs). This research scenario involves long-term evolution (LTE) compatible
user equipment (UE) that operates under four Polish mobile network operators (MNO), which includes roaming
connections and the newly launched 5G standard.
Jeleniewicz, Katarzyna; Rutkowska, Gabriela; Żółtowski, Mariusz; Kula, Dorota
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
Caring for the environment, in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, as well as the increase in the standard of living of society, introduces the need to conduct proper waste management. Construction is an industry with great potential for the management of glass waste as part of material recycling. The
construction sector is characterized by high material consumption, with a limited amount of natural resources,
meaning that research is constantly being performed on the possibility of replacing them with other common
ingredients. A feature of the building materials industry is also the pursuit of continuous improvement of the
properties of manufactured materials.
The paper presents the research results on the impact of the partial replacement of Portland cement and aggregate with glass waste on strength parameters and frost resistance. For the purpose of experimental work, a concrete mix based on the C20/25 standard concrete with CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, in which from 0 to 20%
of the cement or aggregate weight is replaced with glass waste (i.e., glass flour and glass cullet), is designed.
In the test range, the glass flour slightly affected the deterioration of the compressive strength, while the glass
cullet had no effect on the compressive strength after 56 days of maturation. Moreover, the addition of glass
flour increases the bending strength, while the addition of glass cullet maintains a comparable bending strength
compared to the reference concrete. The obtained concretes are frost-resistant concrete F150.
Dębicka, Olga; Reszka, Leszek
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
A period of pandemics and distance learning has forced teachers to plunge headlong into the technological challenges of education. Today, it is possible to look back on this time as an educational milestone that, although
forced, contributed to a much-needed leap into the digital age in higher education. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have contributed to a significant paradigm shift in learning and the roles of teachers
and students in education today. ICT tools in the educational process have become indispensable, whether for
on-site teaching, an exclusively online system, or a hybrid scheme. Therefore, this study aims to establish how
modern technology has enabled a unity of resources in the education process and to identify how the pandemic
conditions have affected the logistics process for didactics, particularly related to providing a unity of the right
resources in the correct place. Moreover, the authors indicate the benefits of the described changes in the didactic process for teachers and students in the post-pandemic period.
Kaizer, Adam
(Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie,
)
The main purpose of dredging is to maintain the required depth of harbors and marine and inland waterways.
Any investment work in port infrastructure should be planned in such a way as to minimize interference with
the port operations and vessel traffic. The research aims to analyze work scenarios involving a proposed dredging
fleet using a Navi-Trainer Professional 5000 navigational and maneuvering simulator connected to the
Transas Navi-Sailor 4000 navigation information system. An analysis performed using these electronic chart
display and information system (ECDIS) simulators allows the operational parameters of the dredging project
to be determined. These parameters include driving time, time taken to fill a TSHD dredger to full capacity,
scale of maneuverability of the dredger within the port area, and determination of the safe distance between
dredging vessels and other ships. The proposed solution may be supplemented with additional computer-based
programs, providing a valuable tool in the research and monitoring of planned and current dredging projects.