Construction of new ports requires applying the entire range of methods and the close cooperation between designers and specialists of different field including safety of navigation or oceanography. At present there is no possible to conduct of such investments without carrying out simulation examinations. These studies most often take place as multistage where the next stage is the result of the previous one. The paper presents complex method of water areas optimization with consideration of navigational safety. In the present study was implemented real-time simulation method. Methods of the simulation of the real time leaning against manoeuvre simulators have been applied. Two distinct from each other alternatives have been explored and the best in terms of safety of navigation has been selected as final. The results were used as a guideline for the development project of a small Polish seaport in Mielno.

The paper presents problem of ships traffic flow parameters estimation and the impact of sample size (ships track based on AIS data) on estimation of general population parameters. Too many trials for each estimated point lead to prolonged study, to few trials can no ensure the desired accuracy and reliability of inference. Passages of ships under the Øresund Bridge connecting Sweden and Denmark were analyzed. The conclusions can be used as directives for researches on traffic flows on open and restricted waters

In this article an integrated system for dynamic under keel clearance (UKC) assessment is presented. The system was created to improved navigation safety and economic effectiveness in Polish ports. In this paper principle of model operations and utilization with modern, available mobile devices in integration with wireless data transmission technology was introduce

Preliminary outcome of the tests of laser distance measurement modules being a part of the PNDS system (Pilot Navigation \& Docking System) developed within the OPIE project (Operational Programme Innovative Economy) in Maritime University in Szczecin are presented in the article. The tests were carried out in laboratory conditions and the actual conditions which may occur during the system’s operation. The modules of the digital laser distance meters available on civilian market were compared. Statistical analysis comparing the accuracy of the laser distance meters was presented and based on it, their general effectiveness was evaluated making part of the preliminary prototype of the PNDS system

This paper presents a study of ships passing distances in coastal waters based on data from the AIS. Examinations are designed also to work towards the development of probabilistic domain that is an area in which the navigator is trying to keep free from other vessels. This article has been hypothesized for the distribution of ships passing distances from which you can build a probabilistic domain. The article summarizes the studies for three types of ships: tankers, passenger ships and cargo vessels and is comparing the shapes of domains for each of them in three situations: overtaking, crossing, vessels on the opposite courses. Studies were carried out in the Gulf of Pomerania

Using laser rangefinders or other distance measuring tools offers an opportunity to create new ship waterplane position finding algorithms in restricted areas. The achieved by such system redundancy of positioning system will affect on ship’s safety and influence navigation which is dominated by one system (GPS and its derivatives). This paper is focused on developed optimization gradient algorithm and its improvement, algorithm with random start position

The article presents the analysis of simulation research results of the newly designed ferry ‘Piast’ entering the modernized Ystad Port. The ship simulation model has also been described. After real time simulations the Monte Carlo method of underkeel water supply evaluation has been applied to assess the probability of ferry’s collision with the bottom. The results may be used in risk assessment of ships entering ports

First LNG import terminal on the Baltic Sea will be located in Poland at the outer port of Świnoujście. Safe entrance to the port of LNG carrier (vessel of length abt. 300 m) to the terminal requires considering of technical and navigational aspects, as well as fulfilment of series of safety criteria related to manoeuvring, mooring and unloading of LNG C carrier (LNGC). Complex manoeuvring, mooring and unloading safety assessment of LNG in port, might be done as an assessment of particular types of manoeuvres and exploitation operations. Paper describes all those aspects and show procedure of LNG terminal design with navigational and operational problems consideration

The paper presents research on the actual ferry crossing traffic in Świnoujście by using laser measurement system. The aim of this study was to determine safety of coexistence crossing ferry and modernized ferry stand No. 6 of Sea Ferry Terminal in Świnoujście and verification simulation studies carried out in 1996 by Marine Traffic Engineering Institute

The paper presents investigations concerning the implementation of a prediction system based on hydrodynamic model, capable to find parameters of the simplified hydrodynamic Nomoto model (1st – order). Optimization of Nomoto model parameters is based on extrapolation of the position, using genetic algorithm and Newton's metho

The paper presents method of safety water depth evaluation for ship approaching to ports. The method utilizes two models: real time simulation model used for determination of ships speed approaching to given port, and Monte Carlo model for determination of probability of accidental collision with the bottom. Minimal safety depth has been calculated with use of probabilistic acceptance criteria presented in the paper

The paper presents methods and models used for analysis of ships traffic in north of Bornholm Traffic Separation Scheme. Ships’ traffic has been analyzed by means of statistical methods with use of data possessed from AIS data obtained from HELCOM. The paper presents probabilistic models of ships’ traffic spatial distribution and its parameters. The results could be used for safety and risk analysis models in given area and for creation of general models of ships’ traffic flows

The paper presents an analysis of vessels entering the port of Szczecin in 2011 in terms of their size. The analysis comprises such ship parameters as length, breadth and draught. Focus has been put on those ships that require special entrance permission from Harbour Master. The analysis results can be useful in modeling vessel traffic streams and the assessment of traffic intensity on a waterway

The popularity of wireless technologies during the last decade has created a considerable expansion of wireless networks. Many researchers work now on the area of wireless resource planning and optimization. Optimization is considered as the main approach to designing and improving the performance of Wireless Local Area Networks Infrastructure of Seaports Security Systems. The presented models and algorithms enable flexible coverage planning and optimization of Wireless Network Infrastructure

The paper presents several issues concerned with safety of inland ships navigation in Szczecin Port area. Additionally the analysis of inland ships movement has been performed which is necessary to full picture of safety analysis. The problems related with safety of inland ships on the area of deep sea ports is often omitted in safety analysis, which could be the reason of lowering safety level or neglecting important issues related to port safety.

Paper presents results of a real-time simulation experiment which was carried out to study an influence of speed reduction on the navigational safety of container ships. In order to determine changes in the vessels manoeuvrability set of simulated sea trials was carried out. The tests included the measuring of the movement parameters of ships proceeding with different initial speed in different external conditions

The present paper describes the hydrodynamic modelling solutions, applied in the newly developed shiphandling simulator at SMU (Szczecin Maritime University) for the inland navigation – called InSim. The objective is to provide some guidance on the simulator capability and potential while conducting various research and the crew training projects.

Short-term prediction is a tool that helps to manoeuvre inland units, allows assessing the effect of the planned manoeuvre and reduces the probability of collision. Model of ships hydrodynamics is required to perform this task. In the paper simple to implement solution based on a Nomoto model is proposed. Method of determi ning the parameters of the model was presented. Researches were carried out with use of INSim Inland Navigation Simulator

This paper presents reconstruction of the oil spill that occurred as result of an m/t “Baltic Carrier” accident. This reconstruction was carried out with use PISCES II simulator. The result of several simulations could be the step to usability and validation of PISCESS II simulator and as a guideline for setting up this kind of simulations

The paper presents stages of stochastic ship traffic stream model creation which was applied for the optimization of different solutions for the Świnoujście–Szczecin waterway design. The model is based on Monte Carlo methodology and is microscopic, which means that each ship’s model is treated as a separate object possessing given attributes. The main output from the model is the sum of the delay time of waiting ships and the distribution of ships’ queue. Two alternative waterway traffic solutions with different passing places for ships were analyzed in this study and compared with each other. The model was used for the first time for the optimization of the modernized Szczecin–Świnoujście waterway in respect of two different solutions of passing places for ships.

This article presents selected probabilistic models used for the description of ship’s position in restricted areas. Two models based on a joint of normal and uniform distri-butions have been discussed in detail. These models can be applied for the estimation of accident probability and manoeuvring risk taken by ships sailing in restricted areas.

The paper presents different phases of largeIT project creation – the simulation environment of movement and maneuvering of ships for the needs of pilot navigation systems (PNS). The particular effort was placed on new methods of object modeling with the use of UML (Unified Modeling Language), which is a standard used for proper management of the object programming development process.

The paper presents a concept of probabilistic and risk-based decision support mod-el for large ships admittance to ports. Two main accident types are included into the model: accidents due to ships exceeding horizontal boundaries of manoeuvring area and accidents due to ship hitting the bottom because of failing to maintain the safe under-keel clearance.

The paper presents an analsis of ship traffic intesities in Szczecin Port and on the Świnujście - Szczecin waterway. The analyses are focused on mean ship intensities, its Seasonal and diurnal changes and changes in ship parameters. There are also analyzed ship traffic parameters at weekends. The research results can be applied as input data in traffic simulation models, for prediction of traffic intensities and for analysis of capacities of the waterway and Szczecin Port.

The paper presents a method of safety evaluation of inland ships passage under the Kolejowy Bridge in Szczecin. It is a complex method which consists of real time ship manoeuvring simulation and a photogrammetric method used for verification of simulation results. Such method allows the evaluation of bridge safety in respect to possible ship's collision with bridge pillars and designing the guide fender layout which minimise the consequences ofpossible collisions.

The paper presents a turning method saving time and energy while conducting seismic surveys and an example of its application. The introduced turning method is based on use of the ocean currents / tidal streams as a supporting factor. The turning technique is applicable for vessels towing streamers and conducting line-change or other maneuvers similar to 180° turn. Chosen forces affecting seismic in-water equipment as well as behavior of the spread are briefly shown and explained. Some advantages over traditional turning techniques are here described. The method was applied onboard the seismic vessel Geo Pacific reducing significantly time required for line-change.

The vessel traffic system (VTS) operator is an important role in the monitoring and supervision of maritime traffic. The main objectives of the VTS is to improve security in the coastal areas. VTS efficiency depends on the quality of the operators. Certain conditions of work should be provided if the system service is to be reliable as this facilitates proper and effective task performance. This article analyzes the factors affecting the performance quality of VTS operator’s. The aim of this study is to examine the methods that indicate negative factors affecting the efficiency of the VTS operator. The result of the study is primarily a reliability analysis of VTS, which underlines the importance of a thorough understanding of the factors associated with human reliability. These methods are crucial to determining VTS operator errors, and gaining an understanding of the consciousness of the operator’s actions in the workplace. Future negative factors can potentially be eliminated by answering questions about the guiding forces, actions and reactions of the operator to external stimuli in a specified scenario.

The paper presents the stages of creation of an autonomous historical navigational system simulator working both in real and accelerated time. The simulator allows performance of navigation tasks from the time of the ancient Vikings, as well as to fix a position by using the Decca system on a real Mk21 receiver recreated to cooperate with the artificial Decca system model. The Viking solar compass discovered on Wolin Island in 2013 was the trigger for creating such a simulator as part of a broader exhibition of navigational systems and tools. The main intention of the exhibition is to demonstrate the hyperbolic navigation application that links both systems.

This paper presents the stages in stochastic ship traffic stream model creation, applied to determine the influence of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanker introduction to Police Port on the Świnoujście–Szczecin waterway. The model is based on the Monte Carlo methodology, and is microscopic (which means that each ship’s model is treated as a separate object possessing given attributes). The model is applied here in order to find the influence of ships with dangerous cargo (LPG tankers in the case study) on regular ship traffic, and hence to establish whether special traffic solutions are necessary.

The paper presents research performed in order to indicate the threats posed to liquid petroleum gas (LPG) carriers maneuvering in the ports and fairway of Szczecin–Świnoujście. The effects of collision with another vessel, going aground, or striking a stationary object are taken into account. As a safety criterion, the possibility of damage to the cargo tanks is taken. As a result of the research, recommendations for ship movement in the ports and fairway were issued. The research method applied in this study consisted of several stages. In the first stage, experts determined possible scenarios of collision and grounding, taking into consideration local and navigational conditions. In the following steps, the external energy was calculated and an empirical model was used to determine the damage to the LPG carrier. In the last step, the necessary measures to be introduced port regulations are presented as conclusions of the research.

The ecological protection of the Baltic Sea against extremely noxious pollution by chemical substances is one of the major issues faced by the states that are located on its shore. In this article, the transport of chemicals in bulk has been analysed. An attempt has been made at grouping dangerous chemical substances based on their negative impact on the environment. Databases that were available have been studied with respect to various chemicals transported in the seaports of Szczecin and Świnoujście. Based on the data available, an attempt at analysing the traffic of tankers carrying noxious chemical substances has been taken up.

Świnoujście is a Polish seaport located on the Pomeranian Bay, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea island of Usedom and Wolin. The port is situated in the Świna Strait in Świnoujście, Western Pomerania. The harbor consists of a cargo handling quay, passenger terminal and marina. The seaports of Świnoujście and Szczecin are closely linked economically to form a team and are connected by a passage through the Szczecin Lagoon. All big ships directed to Szczecin have to be routed through the port of Świnoujcie. The hydro-meteorological conditions in the Świnoujście Port area and surroundings, affecting safe maneuvering of ships, are analyzed by statistical methods. The conditions studied, with the aid of Port Captain logbook, are: currents, winds, water level, ice conditions and visibility. The statistical distribution of water level was analyzed and proposed as decision-making tool during a ship’s approach to Świnoujście Port.

This paper presents a methodology for determining the components related to the heel of liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers, excluding the heel of the vessel due to waves. The described method was applied to the description of under keel clearance of vessels approaching the outer port of Świnoujście. The method includes the determination of heel components caused by: draught reading errors, wind, current, tugboats and vessel maneuvers. Determination of the last component was carried out using a 2-stage method. In the first stage, simulation methods were used to identify the parameters of ship movement. In the second stage, the maximum heel of LNG carriers was calculated by analytical methods.

Przedstawiono analizę intensywności ruchu statków w porcie Szczecin oraz na to-Ke wodnym Szczecin - Świnoujście pod kątem średniej intensywności, zmian sezono-'tych, dobowych oraz składu ruchu przede wszystkim pod kątem wielkości statków Vkreślono również zmiany intensywności ruchu statków podczas weekendów i dni świątecznych Wyniki pracy mogą mieć zastosowanie jako dane wejściowe modeli symulacyj-tych strumieni ruchu statków, do prognoz ruchu oraz analiz przepustowości na torze Rodnym i w porcie Szczecin

Zaproponowano sposób określania błędów pięciu metod analitycznych stosowanych do projektowania bezpiecznej szerokości dróg wodnych Błędy oszacowano opierając się na porównaniu wyników z wynikami wcześniej przeprowadzonych badań symulacyjnych ruchu statków. Analiza błędów poszczególnych metod analitycznych pozwoliła określić granice ich stosowalności i przydatność do projektowania różnych rodzajów dróg wodnych.

Artykuł przedstawia problemy określenia podstawowej miary ocenowcj w inżynierii /uchu morskiego - szerokości pasa ruchu statku. Da jej budowy zastosowano statystyczne pojecie dopuszczalnych granic tolerancji.

Przedstawiono problemy planowania eksperymentu w badaniach inżynierii ruchu morskiego, a w szczególności określanie minimalnej, koniecznej liczebności manewrów symulacyjnych w danej serii. Użycie zbyt malej liczby prób może dyskredytować dokonywany szacunek estymowanych parametrów, a zbyt dużej podraża koszty prowadzonych badań symulacyjnych. Przeanalizowano trzy typowe elementy infrastruktury dróg wodnych zakole toru wodnego, wejście do portu oraz obrotnicę Wyniki z pracy mogą służyć jako wytyczne do prowadzonych badań symulacyjnych.

Przedstawiono wszystkie etapy tworzenia komputerowego modelu kontaktu statku z nabrzeżem w celu wprowadzenia go do symulacyjnego modelu ruchu statku na akwenie ograniczonym.

Przedstawiono koncepcją systemu przewidywania przyszłej pozycji i trajektorii ruchu statku oraz możliwości jego zastosowania w ramach systemów BCDIS lub ECS. Główną częścią opracowania jest opis badań mających na cetu Wykazanie przydatności wyżej wymienionego systemu w praktyce manewrowej. Jako kryterium porównawcze zastosowano wielkość obszaru manewrowego.

This article presents the underlying concepts of a mathematical model optimizing the routes of vessels carrying dangerous goods proceeding in the vicinity of passenger ferries. The method is based on the estimated risk of collision between a chemical tanker and a passenger vessel. Risk assessment was performed using three models. The first model determines the distance of the passing ships on the selected area on the basis of the AIS data. The second one is a stochastic model of navigational safety assessment, which provides statistical data on the probability of collision between the two chosen types of vessels. The third model determines the consequences of collisions between passenger ships and chemical tankers. The study defines the scope of the parameters affecting the objective function of vessel route optimization and their importance in the optimization problem

A key element in ensuring the safety of the port of Świnoujście against oil spills is to ensure combat units are properly equipped with oil spill collecting equipment, and that they have the ability to effectively use the existing resources. All of this should be properly reflected in the port’s contingency plans. It is also important to develop tactics for oil spill combat action that take into account both local conditions and worst case scenarios with parallel checking of these scenarios during the exercise and the table-top exercises. The use of computer simulation to forecast oil spill behaviour allows for better arrangement and more efficient use of resources and the optimum development of antipollution action and tactics. The specific location of the Świnoujście harbour, its breakwaters shape, and that shipping traffic is allowed only on the approaching waterway, may lead one to the conclusion that the port of Świnoujście is completely safe from any possible petroleum pollution after a ships’ collision and the antipollution action should focus only on maximising the protection of the coast. To verify this assumption, simulations of an oil spill spreading after a vessels’ collision were carried out. The purpose of the simulations was to determine the most unfavourable weather conditions which would lead to the port of Świnoujście being polluted, and to define the best tactics for conducting oil spill combat actions under such conditions. The simulations clearly indicated that, with a particular combination of weather conditions, pollution could occur inside the port. It could result in vessel traffic suspension and huge financial losses. Simulations were conducted using the PISCES II oil spill simulator.

This paper presents the method used for the creation of ship traffic models in Southern Baltic Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS). The analysis of ship traffic was performed by means of statistical methods with the use of historical AIS data. The paper presents probabilistic models of ship traffic’s spatial distribution and its parameters. The results showed that there is a correlation between the standard deviation of traffic flow and TSS lane width that can be used in practical applications to ensure the safety of navigation; improve navigation efficiency, safety and risk analysis in given area, and for the creation of a general model of ship traffic flow.

The increasing sizes of ships determine the interest in modifying the already existing solutions. Simulation models allow us to analyse the possible modernisation options. The article presents analysis results for the width of the fairway to Ystad, marked with buoys with respect to navigation safety. After a thorough analysis, taking into account the safety of navigation, further possibilities of development have been determined. Study results are aimed at designing new solutions in case of modernization of the approach channel to Ystad.